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. DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL AND PROCESS OF ITS TREATMENT
Processing of raw materials such as coal, oil shale, natural bitumen and biomass, now presented as a new and promising area to meet growing public demand for motor fuels and chemical raw materials.
On technology and technical and economic indices of production of alternative motor fuels is greatly affected by the aggregate state of physical and chemical properties of the feedstock. Use of solid raw materials - coal, oil shale, bitumen species, biomass - require, in addition to the features of production, the inclusion of additional stages of its preparation for processing, which are absent in the circuits of motor fuel from crude oil. These stages include drying, milling and fractionation, separation of hydrocarbon and mineral components, separation and disposal of sludge and several others.
Due to the diversity of technological schemes of processing of alternative raw materials can be carried out in two fundamentally different directions: the decomposition or synthesis.
The transformation of solid raw materials into motor fuels consists of four main stages: 1) extraction of raw materials, 2) its preparation for processing, and 3) to obtain "synthetic oil", which is a broad fraction of liquid hydrocarbons, in greater or lesser extent a similar natural oil, or synthesis gas, and 4) processing of "synthetic oil" or synthesis gas in the targeted products. At the core of processing natural gas into liquid fuels is the synthesis, including the preparation (cleaning and drying) of gas, the conversion of it into synthesis gas and the subsequent catalytic processing of the latter in the appropriate types of fuels. Natural gas can be used as a fuel without reprocessing of pre-physical training to use it. Each of these stages of production of motor fuels from specific types of raw materials can, in turn, consist of different sets of individual process steps.
Multistage processing, holding it at high temperatures and pressures, using a large number of cleaning processes and consumption in some cases, significant amounts of specially manufactured hydrogen, as well as the need to implement environmental protection measures lead to a significant increase in unit capital and operating costs for the production of motor fuels from alternative raw materials compared to traditional petroleum feedstock.

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